Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm McKnight Endowment Fund rau Neuroscience zoo siab tshaj tawm tias nws tau xaiv kaum tus kws kho mob hlwb kom tau txais 2023 McKnight Scholar Award. Nov yog thawj xyoo McKnight ua rau cov khoom plig no nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm tshiab cov lus qhia, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntxiv rau kev ua kom muaj ntau haiv neeg, kev ncaj ncees, thiab suav nrog txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua tau zoo thiab cuam tshuam ntawm peb txoj haujlwm.
McKnight Scholar Awards tau tso cai rau cov tub ntxhais hluas cov kws tshawb fawb uas nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev tsim lawv tus kheej lub chaw soj nstuam ywj pheej thiab kev tshawb fawb cov hauj lwm thiab cov uas tau pom muaj kev cog lus rau neuroscience. Txij li thaum qhov khoom plig tau tshaj tawm xyoo 1977, qhov khoom plig zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua haujlwm thaum ntxov tau pab nyiaj ntau dua 260 tus neeg tshawb nrhiav tshiab thiab txhawb nqa ntau pua qhov kev tshawb pom.
Richard Mooney, PhD, tus thawj coj ntawm pawg thawj coj saib xyuas khoom plig thiab George Barth Geller xibfwb ntawm Neurobiology ntawm Duke University Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Tshuaj tau hais tias "Tsoomfwv tau zoo siab los ua kev zoo siab rau ib qho ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tshiab zoo nkauj," "Txhua tus tau cog lus los daws cov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv neuroscience, los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov molecules uas tsim lub paj hlwb kom decrypting cov kev suav neural uas ua rau peb pom, kawm txuj ci tshiab, thiab tseem tsim kev sib raug zoo."
Txhua tus neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig McKnight Scholar Award nram qab no yuav tau txais $75,000 ib xyoos rau peb xyoos.
Ishmail Abdus-Saboor, Ph.D.
Columbia University, New York, NY
Daim tawv nqaij-hlwb axis rau kev qhuas kov tus cwj pwm
Yasmine El-Shamayleh, Ph.D.
Columbia University, New York, NY
Cortical Circuits rau Perceiving Visual Form
Vikram Gadagkar, Ph.D.
Columbia University, New York, NY
Neural Mechanisms ntawm Kev Hais Plaub thiab Monogamy
Hidehiko Inagaki, Ph.D.
Max Planck Florida lub koom haum rau Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL
Synaptic Mechanisms thiab Network Dynamics Hauv Kev Kawm Tsav Tsheb
Peri Kurshan, Ph.D.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
Unraveling Lub Mechanisms ntawm Synapse Development, Los ntawm Molecules mus rau Cwj Pwm
Scott Linderman, Ph.D.
Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Machine Learning Methods for Discovering Structure in Neural and Behavioral Data
Swetha Murthy, Ph.D.
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
Mechanosensation rau Qhia Cellular Morphology
Karthik Shekhar, Ph.D.
University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
Evolution of Neural Diversity thiab Patterning in the Visual System
Tanya Sippy, Ph.D.
New York University, New York, NY
Modulation ntawm Striatal Cells thiab Synapses los ntawm Dopamine Movement Signals
Moriel Zelikowsky, Ph.D.
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
Neuropeptidergic Cortical Control ntawm Social Isolation
Muaj 56 tus neeg thov rau xyoo no McKnight Scholar Awards, sawv cev rau cov kws qhia ntawv hluas neuroscience zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Cov kws qhia ntawv tsim nyog tau txais qhov khoom plig thaum lawv thawj plaub xyoos hauv kev ua haujlwm puv sijhawm. Ntxiv rau Mooney, pawg neeg xaiv tsa Scholar Awards suav nrog Gordon Fishell, Ph.D., Harvard University; Mark Goldman, Ph.D., University of California, Davis; Kelsey Martin, MD, Ph.D., Simons Foundation; Jennifer Raymond, Ph.D., Stanford University; Vanessa Ruta, Ph.D., Rockefeller University; thiab Michael Shadlen, MD, Ph.D., Columbia University.
Lub sijhawm rau cov ntawv thov rau xyoo tom ntej khoom plig yuav muaj nyob rau lub Yim Hli. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog McKnight's neuroscience Awards programs, thov mus saib hauv Endowment Fund lub website.
Hais txog McKnight Endowment Fund rau Neuroscience
McKnight Endowment Fund rau Neuroscience yog ib lub koom haum ywj pheej uas tau txais nyiaj los ntawm McKnight Foundation ntawm Minneapolis, Minnesota, thiab yog coj los ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb los ntawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Lub McKnight Foundation tau txhawb nqa kev tshawb fawb txog neuroscience txij li xyoo 1977. Lub Foundation tau tsim lub Endowment Fund hauv 1986 los ua ib qho kev xav ntawm tus tsim William L. McKnight (1887-1979). Ib tus thawj coj thaum ntxov ntawm 3M Lub Tuam Txhab, nws muaj kev txaus siab rau kev nco thiab mob hlwb thiab xav tau ib feem ntawm nws cov cuab yeej cuab tam siv los pab nrhiav kev kho mob. Ntxiv nrog rau Scholar Awards, Endowment Fund muab nyiaj pab rau cov kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm los siv cov kev paub ua tiav los ntawm kev txhais lus thiab kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam rau tib neeg lub hlwb tsis zoo txawm tias McKnight Neurobiology of Brain Disorders Awards.
2023 McKnight Scholar Awards
Ishmail Abdus-Saboor, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Biological Sciences thiab Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY
Daim tawv nqaij-hlwb axis rau kev qhuas kov tus cwj pwm
Kev sib raug zoo yog qhov kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb uas yog lub hauv paus rau tib neeg kev paub xws li kev txhawb nqa lwm tus thiab tsim kev sib raug zoo rau kev sib deev. Ua hauj lwm nrog tus qauv nas thiab optogenetics, Abdus-Saboor txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm daim tawv nqaij neural hlwb thiab lub hlwb, thiab cov hlwb uas mob siab rau tshwj xeeb yog kho rau qee qhov kev kov cues. Cov hlwb no tsim nyog thiab txaus los rub cov lus teb rau lub cev - ua kom cov hlwb ua rau nas teb zoo li lawv tau txais kev kov cuam tshuam nrog kev sib deev, txawm tias tsis muaj lwm tus nas tam sim no; thiab deactivating lawv ua rau txo qis hauv cov lus teb, txawm tias thaum ua ke nrog kev sib raug zoo.
Hauv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb tshiab, Abdus-Saboor thiab nws pab neeg tsom mus rau kev txheeb xyuas seb cov neurons hauv daim tawv nqaij ua rau cov cim zoo hauv lub hlwb, thiab yuav ua li cas lub hlwb tau txais thiab ua cov cim qhia tau txais txiaj ntsig, nrog rau kev txheeb xyuas cov neurons uas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv. kov scenarios (nurturing pups vs. grooming or play). Lub hom phiaj thib peb yuav nrhiav kev txheeb xyuas qhov ntsuas ntawm cov hlwb no txheeb xyuas qhov kov. Kev tshawb fawb yuav nthuav tawm ntau ntxiv txog kev sib txuas ntawm daim tawv nqaij-hlwb, nrog rau cov ntawv thov rau cov kws tshawb fawb kawm txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb.
Yasmine El-Shamayleh, Ph.D., Assistant xibfwb, Department of Neuroscience & Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York City, NY
Cortical Circuits rau Perceiving Visual Form
Hauv primates, kwv yees li 30% ntawm cerebral cortex tau mob siab rau ua cov ntaub ntawv pom. Siv cov tswv yim tshiab, Dr. El-Shamayleh tab tom ua haujlwm los tsim kom muaj kev nkag siab zoo txog kev siv lub hlwb li cas thiab paub txog cov khoom uas peb pom. Kev tsom mus rau thaj chaw cortical V4, El-Shamayleh txoj kev tshawb fawb tau nthuav tawm ntau hom neurons hauv cheeb tsam lub hlwb no txhawb peb lub peev xwm los pom cov duab ntawm cov khoom pom.
Cortical cheeb tsam V4 yog heev attuned rau cov duab ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tus kheej neurons nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no yog tshwj xeeb rau kev soj ntsuam ntau yam nkhaus ntu raws ib qho khoom contour: convex protrusions los yog concave indentations. Cov pawg sib txawv ntawm cov convex- thiab concave-nyiam neurons tuaj yeem ntes cov khoom sib txawv raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm convex thiab concave contours lawv muaj. Piv txwv li, ib pawg ntawm cov neurons tuaj yeem ntes tau txiv tsawb thaum lwm tus tuaj yeem ntes tau pineapple. Tsim los ntawm cov kev nkag siab tseem ceeb no thiab siv cov ntawv thov tshiab ntawm viral vector-based optogenetics hauv tus qauv primate, El-Shamayleh tau kaw thiab tswj cov kev ua ub no ntawm cov pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm V4 neurons nrog qhov tsis tau pom dua. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog txheeb xyuas seb ntau hom neurons hauv thaj chaw cortical V4 cuam tshuam li cas los ua cov khoom zoo li cas, thiab qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm neural nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no txuas nrog peb txoj kev xav ntawm convex thiab concave qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom. Nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem no yuav qhib cov ntsiab lus hais txog yuav ua li cas primate hlwb ua cov ntaub ntawv pom. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tsim kho tshiab tau tsim hauv kev tshawb fawb no tseem yuav pab txhawb kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb primate thiab kev coj cwj pwm tshwj xeeb.
Vikram Gadagkar, Ph.D., Assistant xibfwb, Department of Neuroscience & Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York City, NY
Neural Mechanisms ntawm Kev Hais Plaub thiab Monogamy
Txawm hais tias muaj kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb rau cov tsiaj txhu kawm thiab coj tus cwj pwm li cas, tsis tshua muaj kev saib xyuas rau tus tsiaj ntsuam xyuas qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm lwm tus thaum muaj kev sib raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv songbirds, feem ntau kev tshawb fawb tau saib dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov txiv neej ua ib zaj nkauj nyiam ib tug khub, tab sis tsis yog dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus poj niam noog lub hlwb thaum nws mloog txiv neej zaj nkauj. Dr. Gadagkar txoj kev tshawb fawb tshiab yog tsom los ua kom muaj qhov sib txawv no thiab tsim cov duab ua tiav ntawm cov kev sib tham hauv kev sib tham nyuaj no, nrog rau pab nthuav cov kev tshawb fawb neural kom suav nrog cov poj niam feem ntau tsis saib xyuas lub hlwb.
Dr. Gadagkar txoj haujlwm yuav saib ib feem ntawm lub hlwb hu ua HVC, lub sensorimotor nucleus uas paub tias ua haujlwm rau cov txiv neej kom khaws lub sijhawm thaum lawv kawm thiab ua lawv cov nkauj. Thawj zaug, nws thiab nws lub chaw kuaj mob tau kaw qhov tshwm sim hauv poj niam HVC thaum nws mloog thiab ntsuas cov txiv neej zaj nkauj, txhawm rau kuaj seb cov neurons no encode tus sawv cev ntawm txiv neej zaj nkauj hauv nws lub hlwb. Qhov thib ob, Dr. Gadagkar yuav tshuaj xyuas seb cov poj niam ua li cas rau lawv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas, seb nws puas piv cov kev ua tau zoo tam sim no tawm tsam kev ua yeeb yam dhau los, thiab cov neurons ua li cas thaum kuaj pom qhov tsis raug. Thaum kawg, kev tshawb fawb yuav saib cov kab ke dopamine kom pom tias lub hlwb qhia tau qhov kev nyiam rau qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov no tseem yuav muab kev nkag siab rau hauv lub hlwb mechanisms ntawm monogamy txij li cov nkauj noog no ua phooj ywg rau lub neej thiab siv nkauj los tsim thiab tswj lawv cov ntawv cog lus.
Hidehiko Inagaki, Ph.D., Max Planck Florida lub koom haum rau Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL
Synaptic Mechanisms thiab Network Dynamics Hauv Kev Kawm Tsav Tsheb
Kev kawm ib qho txuj ci tshiab yuav tsum muaj lub hlwb hloov pauv rau nws lub voj voog, txheej txheem hu ua plasticity. Txawm hais tias kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tau ua tiav los txheeb xyuas seb lub hlwb sib txuas ua haujlwm li cas, tsis tshua nkag siab txog cov tshuab ntawm kev kawm txuj ci tshiab. Dr. Inagaki thiab nws pab neeg tab tom ua haujlwm kom zero hauv cov hlwb thiab cov txheej txheem koom nrog thaum lub sijhawm kawm. Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev npaj txav mus los yog tswj hwm thoob plaws hauv lub hlwb, thiab cov tsiaj uas txawj ntse muaj kev sib txuas sib txawv dua li cov tsiaj tshiab. Tab sis li cas cov kev sib txuas tau mus txog ntawd?
Siv nyob rau hauv vivo 2-photon imaging thiab loj-scale electrophysiology nyob rau hauv tus qauv nas, Dr. Inagaki thiab nws pab neeg tam sim no tuaj yeem saib ntawm qib cellular dab tsi hloov tau tshwm sim raws li kev txawj tshiab tau kawm - qhov no, kawm lub sijhawm tshiab rau qhov kev txiav txim. Lawv tau pom cov haujlwm hauv lub hlwb hloov pauv thaum tsiaj kawm txav ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv tom qab cue, thiab pom tias cov kev hloov no tshwm sim li cas yuav qhia ntau yam txog cov txheej txheem kev kawm. Siv genetic manipulation los pab cov kws tshawb fawb los qhib lossis inhibit cov proteins uas cuam tshuam nrog plasticity, lawv tsom kom tsis txhob pom qhov hloov pauv hauv lub hlwb, tab sis yuav ua li cas cov kev hloov pauv no pib thiab sib sau ua ke. Kev soj ntsuam tus cwj pwm hloov pauv hauv cov tsiaj yuav ua rau pab pawg sib txuas qhov tshwm sim ntawm qib cellular nrog peb lub peev xwm zoo heev los kawm thiab tswj kev txawj ntse. Kev nkag siab ntau ntxiv txog qhov kev kawm ua haujlwm li cas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev kawm tsis zoo.
Peri Kurshan, Ph.D., Assistant xibfwb, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
Unraveling Lub Mechanisms ntawm Synapse Development, Los ntawm Molecules mus rau Cwj Pwm
Synapses, qhov chaw uas cov teeb liab raug xa thiab tau txais ntawm cov neurons, yog tus yuam sij rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm neural circuits uas cuam tshuam tus cwj pwm. To taub tias synapses txhim kho li cas ntawm qib molecular thiab kev txhim kho synaptic cuam tshuam tus cwj pwm li cas yog lub hom phiaj ntawm Dr. Kurshan txoj kev tshawb fawb. Tus qauv tseem ceeb tuav tau tias ib chav kawm ntawm cov proteins hu ua synaptic cell-adhesion molecules (sCAMs) pib cov txheej txheem, nrog ib tsev neeg ntawm sCAMs hu ua neurexins, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob neurodevelopmental xws li autism, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhia. Tab sis nyob rau hauv vivo kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias khob tawm neurexins tsis tshem tawm synapses. Yog li cas cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm li cas?
Dr Kurshan siv lub roundworm C. tej khaub ncaws raws li ib tug qauv system los xam qhov no. Nws txoj haujlwm qhia tau hais tias presynaptic cytosolic scaffold proteins tuaj yeem koom nrog cov cell membrane, thiab tom qab ntawd nrhiav cov neurexins kom ruaj khov synapses. Hauv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb tshiab, siv cov duab kos duab, proteomics, kev ua qauv hauv computer, thiab transgenic manipulation, nws thiab nws lub chaw kuaj mob txhawm rau txheeb xyuas seb cov proteins thiab cov cell-membrane koom nrog thiab lawv cuam tshuam li cas. Ib lub hom phiaj ntxiv saib ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm neurexin (luv luv thiab ntev) kom pom tias lawv lub luag haujlwm yog dab tsi, thiab lawv qhov kev poob ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab kev coj cwj pwm zoo li cas. Cov kev tshawb fawb no muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ntau yam kab mob neurological uas cuam tshuam rau synaptic defects.
Scott Linderman, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Statistics thiab Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Machine Learning Methods for Discovering Structure in Neural and Behavioral Data
Dr. Linderman qhov kev koom tes rau neuroscience dag tsis yog nyob rau hauv kev sim sim lossis ua cov ntaub ntawv neural, tab sis hauv kev tsim cov kev kawm tshuab uas tuaj yeem tswj hwm thiab rho tawm cov kev nkag siab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb no. Nrog rau cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntes cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov neeg coob ntawm cov neurons thoob plaws hauv lub hlwb thiab ib txhij soj ntsuam tus cwj pwm ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ywj pheej nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev. Linderman thiab nws pab neeg koom tes nrog cov chaw tshawb fawb tshawb fawb los tsim cov txheej txheem kev kawm tshuab tshawb fawb kom pom cov qauv hauv txhua cov ntaub ntawv.
Linderman's lab yog tsom tshwj xeeb rau kev suav cov neuroethology thiab probabilistic qauv - qhov tseem ceeb, txheeb xyuas seb yuav tsim thiab haum cov qauv li cas rau hom ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tsim niaj hnub no. Nws cov haujlwm tsis tu ncua thiab yav tom ntej qhia txog qhov dav ntawm txoj kev kawm tshuab tuaj yeem siv rau kev tshawb fawb neural: ib qhov project saib ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm dopamine tso tawm ntawm tus cwj pwm, lwm qhov ntawm kev sib piv cov neural thiab kev coj cwj pwm cuam tshuam ntawm neuromodulator serotonin, thiab ib feem peb ntawm kev kawm tas mus li. Kev kaw cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm African turquoise killifish - hom ntaub ntawv uas los ntawm cov ntim loj thiab cov neeg tshawb nrhiav nyuaj tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas zoo siv cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj. Linderman mus txog qhov chaw ua haujlwm raws li kev sib koom ua ke nrog cov neeg sib koom ua ke, thiab los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem los daws cov teeb meem ntawm neurobiology kuj tseem pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev txheeb cais thiab kev kawm tshuab.
Swetha Murthy, Ph.D., Assistant xibfwb, Vollum Institute, Oregon Health thiab Science University, Portland, OR
Mechanosensation rau Qhia Cellular Morphology
Mechanosensation - los yog kev tshawb pom ntawm lub cev quab yuam los ntawm ib lub xovtooj ntawm tes lossis neuron - yog qhov xav tsis thoob thiab ntau lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm kho los ntawm qee cov ion channel (nrog rau lwm cov proteins) ntawm cov cellular membrane. Ib qho piv txwv pom tseeb yog qhov kev nkag siab ntawm kev kov - neurons tuaj yeem kuaj pom lub siab, ncab, thiab ntau dua. Dr. Murthy's lab tab tom khawb rau hauv qhov piv txwv me me ntawm mechanosensation nrog qhov cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev noj qab haus huv neural: Cov txheej txheem ntawm myelination, uas cov hlwb tshwj xeeb hu ua oligodendrocytes (OLs) tsim cov ntaub qhwv ib ncig ntawm cov hlab ntsha los txhim kho kev coj ua.
Nws yog hypothesized tias mechanical cues (ntawm lwm yam) tuaj yeem tswj hwm OL morphology thiab myelination, tab sis cov txheej txheem hauv qab tseem tsis tau paub. Murthy's lab tab tom kawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob ion channel TMEM63A, uas tau nthuav tawm hauv OLs, qhia seb cov channel no tuaj yeem kho cov kab mob myelination li cas thiab ua rau lub teeb pom kev ntawm kev siv tshuab cues coj cov txheej txheem. Siv hauv vitro patch-clamp cov tswv yim thiab kev tswj caj ces, Murthy yuav lees paub OL mechanosensitivity thiab seb nws puas yog kho los ntawm TMEM63A, tom qab ntawd ntsuas qhov kev vam khom ntawm myelination ntawm TMEM63A los ntawm kev sib piv cov nas hlwb ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv hauv lawv txoj kev loj hlob uas muaj lossis tsis muaj TMEM63A noob. ntsiag to. Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv vivo thwmsim siv zebra ntses yuav soj ntsuam thiab sau myelination nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thiab txiav txim siab qhov dependence ntawm cov txheej txheem no ntawm TMEM63A. Kev nkag siab tias myelination tuaj yeem ua haujlwm li cas - thiab nws tuaj yeem ua tsis tau - yuav pab tau rau cov kws tshawb fawb kawm txog ntau yam kev mob uas cuam tshuam rau myelination xws li hypomeylinating leukodystrophies, nrog rau nthuav dav kev nkag siab ntawm mechanosensation.
Karthik Shekhar, Ph.D., Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering / Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
Evolution of Neural Diversity thiab Patterning in the Visual System
Dr. Shekhar's lab nrhiav kom nkag siab tias muaj ntau hom neural li cas thiab lawv lub koom haum tau hloov zuj zus los pab cov tsiaj sib txawv. Nws txoj kev tshawb fawb tsom mus rau qhov pom ntawm lub hlwb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov retina thiab thawj qhov pom cortex, uas tau zoo heev khaws cia thoob plaws cov tsiaj sib cais los ntawm ntau pua lab xyoo ntawm evolution. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov neuronal muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv retinas ntawm ntau hom, thiab yuav ua li cas cov neurons raug teeb tsa, nws cia siab tias yuav nthuav tawm qhov kev hloov pauv tau ua li cas kom haum rau cov kev xav pom txawv txawv - thiab tsis tas li ntawd, nthuav tawm cov noob caj noob ces ntawm neural network thiab lub hlwb evolution.
Shekhar txoj kev tshawb fawb yuav tshuaj xyuas qhov kev txuag evolutionary thiab divergence ntawm neuronal hom nyob rau hauv lub retina ntawm ob peb vertebrate hom, los ntawm cov ntses mus rau noog mus rau cov tsiaj, thiab siv xam cov kev taw qhia rau reconstruct lub evolution ntawm neural ntau haiv neeg. Nws yuav tshuaj xyuas yog tias kev hloov pauv tau coj mus rau qhov nce ntawm hom tshiab lossis hloov kho cov hom uas twb muaj lawm, suav nrog kev hloov pauv hauv morphology, kev ua haujlwm, lossis kev sib txuas. Kev sib koom ua ke yuav tshawb xyuas qhov pom cortex, ib qho qauv rau txhua tus tsiaj, thiab yuav tsom mus rau kev taug qab lub hauv paus pib ntawm kev loj hlob thaum ntxov hu ua "lub sijhawm tseem ceeb", qhov twg neural tes hauj lwm hauv lub hlwb qhia exquisite plasticity rau qhov kev paub. Kev tshawb fawb yuav pab qhia tias kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tau tshwm sim li cas hauv qhov pom, uas tseem yuav taw qhia txoj hauv kev rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv mus rau lwm qhov ntawm lub hlwb hloov zuj zus. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Shekhar txoj hauv kev yog tias kev sib koom tes sib koom tes - nrog cov kws tshaj lij, kws kho mob hlwb, kws kho mob, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb suav - tuaj yeem nqa cov txheej txheem tshiab los daws qee cov lus nug loj hauv neuroscience.
Tanya Sippy, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY
Modulation ntawm Striatal Cells thiab Synapses los ntawm Dopamine Movement Signals
Dopamine yog kab tias feem ntau paub txog neuromodulator, feem ntau vim yog lub luag haujlwm nws ua hauv kev taw qhia nqi zog. Txawm li cas los xij, dopamine kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txav mus los, uas tau pom meej meej los ntawm kev tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg mob Parkinson's Disease, ib qho teeb meem ntawm dopamine, pib txav. Dr. Sippy lub hom phiaj los pab kawm paub ntxiv txog yuav ua li cas dopamine koom nrog hauv kev txav mus los, los ntawm qhov tseeb heev hauv vivo kev ntsuas ntawm dopamine fluctuations ib txhij nrog cov membrane muaj peev xwm hauv lub hom phiaj neurons.
Membrane muaj peev xwm kaw cia Dr. Sippy cov tswvcuab hauv chav kuaj ntsuas ob lub zog ntawm cov neurons uas paub tias cuam tshuam los ntawm neuromodulation: 1) lub zog ntawm synaptic inputs thiab 2) excitability ntawm cov neurons uas txiav txim siab seb lawv teb li cas rau cov inputs. Tab sis kev ntsuas ob qho tib si dopamine hloov pauv thiab lub peev xwm membrane hauv ib lub xov tooj yog qhov nyuaj heev. Sippy txoj haujlwm hinges ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom tias dopamine kev ua haujlwm yog tsom rau hauv ob lub hemispheres ntawm lub hlwb, thiab yog li kev ntsuas ntawm nws thiab daim nyias nyias muaj peev xwm ua tau rau sab nraud thiab tseem muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws. Nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg no, Sippy yuav optogenetically manipulate dopamine system thiab pom li cas activating los yog suppressing dopamine cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm lub hom phiaj neurons, thiab yuav ua li cas qhov no cuam tshuam rau cov kev ua ntawm tus tsiaj.
Moriel Zelikowsky, Ph.D., Assistant xibfwb, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
Neuropeptidergic Cortical Control ntawm Social Isolation
Kev sib cais ntev ntev tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov tsiaj hauv lub neej - ua rau kev paub txog kev poob qis, kab mob plawv, thiab kev hloov cwj pwm, suav nrog kev nce siab hauv kev ua phem. Txawm hais tias ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau saib ntawm kev tswj hwm subcortical ntawm ntuj tsim kev ua phem, xws li cov uas ua rau thaj chaw tiv thaiv lossis tiv thaiv cov xeeb ntxwv, ob peb tau saib cov kab mob ntawm kev ua phem lossis lawv cov kev tswj hwm saum toj kawg nkaus. Dr. Zelikowsky lub hom phiaj kom nkag siab zoo dua txog cov txheej txheem thiab cov cortical circuits koom nrog kev nce siab ntawm kev ua phem raws li kev sib raug zoo nyob ib leeg.
Kev tshawb fawb pib siv tus qauv nas tau txheeb xyuas lub luag haujlwm rau neuropeptide Tachykinin 2 (Tac2) raws li subcortical neuromodulator ntawm kev sib cais-vim kev ntshai thiab kev ua phem - thaum Tac2 signaling tau ntsiag to, aggression raug txo nyob rau hauv cov nas cais; thaum qhib, aggression nce txawm nyob rau hauv cov nas uas tsis nyob ib leeg. Tseem ceeb heev, Tac2 kuj tau pom tias yuav raug kho nyob rau hauv medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) tom qab kev sib cais, txawm li cas los xij, nws txoj haujlwm hauv lub cortex tseem tsis paub. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv tam sim no yuav tshuaj xyuas raws nraim li cas Tac2 interneurons hauv mPFC sib haum xeeb kev ua phem hauv cov tsiaj sib txawv. Cov kev tshawb fawb siv cell-hom perturbations nyob rau hauv cov nas uas tau ntsib kev sib cais thiab raug ntsib nrog tib-poj niam txiv neej "intruder" nas nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw. Kev kawm tshuab yog siv los txheeb xyuas pawg ntawm tus cwj pwm, uas tau kos duab rau lub hlwb ua haujlwm. Los ntawm kev nkag siab yuav ua li cas kev cais tawm tuaj yeem hloov lub hlwb ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg, cov kws tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tuaj yeem nkag siab zoo dua qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv tib neeg - thiab yuav daws lawv li cas.
