December 13, 2021
Sanduuqa Awqaafta McKnight ee Neuroscience wuxuu doortay afar mashruuc si loo helo 2022 Neurobiology of Brain Disorders Awards. Abaalmarinada ayaa wadar ahaan doona $1.2 milyan muddo saddex sano ah oo cilmi baaris ah oo ku saabsan bayooloojiyada cudurrada maskaxda, iyada oo mashruuc kasta uu helayo $300,000 inta u dhaxaysa 2022 iyo 2025.
Abaalmarinta Neurobiology ee Maskaxda Maskaxda (NBD) waxay taageertaa cilmi baaris cusub oo ay sameeyeen saynisyahano Mareykan ah oo baranaya cudurada neerfaha iyo maskaxda. Abaalmarinnadu waxay dhiirrigelinayaan iskaashiga u dhexeeya aasaasiga iyo daaweynta neerfaha si loo turjumo daahfurnaanta sheybaarka ee ku saabsan maskaxda iyo nidaamka neerfaha baaritaanka iyo daaweynta si loo wanaajiyo caafimaadka aadanaha.
"Waa wax lagu farxo in la helo fursad lagu doorto qaar ka mid ah cilmi-baarayaasha hormoodka ah ee qaranka iyo in la taageero cilmi-baaristooda daba-galka ah," ayuu yiri Ming Guo, MD, Ph.D., guddoomiyaha guddiga abaalmarinta ee Neurobiology of the Brain Disorders, Professor in Neurology & Pharmacology ee UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine iyo Agaasimaha Xarunta Gabowga ee UCLA. “Shaqsiyaadka la abaalmariyey sanadkan waxa ay samaynayaan cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan cudurrada iyo xaaladaha saameeya malaayiin bukaan ah. Shaqadoodu waxay diiradda saartaa dhibaatooyinka neefsashada iyo wareegga maskaxda, qabatinka maandooriyaha, isdhexgalka mindhicirka-maskaxda ee ka hooseeya anorexia, iyo dhaqanka cunista hedonic iyo cayilka. Fahamka neurobiology ee cudurrada, waxaan u furnaa albaabka habab cusub oo looga hortago oo lagu daweeyo xanuunnadan maskaxda.
Abaalmarinnada waxaa dhiirigeliyay danaha William L. McKnight, oo aasaasay Hay'adda McKnight Foundation 1953 oo doonayay inuu taageero cilmi-baarista cudurrada maskaxda. Gabadhiisa, Virginia McKnight Binger, iyo guddiga McKnight Foundation waxay aasaaseen barnaamijka McKnight neuroscience ee sharaftiisa 1977.
Abaalmarino badan ayaa la bixiyaa sanad walba. Afarta qof ee sanadkan la abaalmariyey ayaa kala ah.
- Lisa Beutler, MD, Ph.D., Kaaliyaha Professor ee Daawada ee Endocrinology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
Kala-baxa dhaqdhaqaaqa mindhicirka-maskaxda ee ka hooseeya anorexia: Dr. Beutler wuxuu raadiyaa inuu diiwaangeliyo wareegyada neerfaha ee mindhicirka maskaxda ee saameeya caabuqa-dhexdhexaadinta anorexia, aqoonsado waxa keena carqaladaynta wareegyadaas, oo la ogaado substrates neerfaha kuwaas oo ka caawin kara in ay ka gudbaan xaaladda. - Jeremy Day, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, Jaamacadda Alabama - Birmingham; iyo Ian Maze, Ph.D., Professor - Waaxaha Cilmi-nafsiga iyo Sayniska Farmasiga, Agaasimaha - Xarunta Neural Epigenome Engineering, Icahn School of Medicine ee Mount Sinai, New York City
Ka faa'iidaysiga epigenomics-ka unugyada ah ee loogu talagalay faragelinta bartilmaameedka ah ee isku-dhafka daroogada-firfircoon: Drs. Maalinta iyo Maze waxay baadhayaan aasaaska epigenetic ee mukhaadaraadka, iyaga oo aqoonsanaya isku-dhafka neerfaha ee lagu afduubay soo-gaadhista maandooriyaha, taas oo ka saaraysa shakhsiyaadka inay soo noqdaan. - Stephan Lammel, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Neurobiology, Jaamacadda California - Berkeley
Neurotensin dhexdhexaadin habdhaqanka quudinta hedonic iyo cayilka: Shaqada Dr. Lammel waxay diiradda saartaa hababka neerfaha iyo gobollada maskaxda ee ku lug leh habdhaqanka quudinta xad-dhaafka ah ee joogitaanka cuntada kaloriyada-cufan iyo nidaaminteeda. - Lindsay Schwarz, Ph.D., Kaaliyaha Professor Koriinka Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
Aqoonsiga wareegyada maskaxda ee isku xidha neefsiga iyo xaaladda garashada: Dr. Schwarz waxa uu hiigsanayaa in uu aqoonsado neerfayaasha neefsashada ee la xushay ee si xushmad leh loo dhaqaajiyo iyada oo la adeegsanayo tilmaamo jireed iyo garasho oo ay ku sawirto gobollada maskaxda ee ay ku xidhmaan.
Iyadoo 106 warqadood oo ujeedo ah la helay sanadkan, abaal-marinaha ayaa ah mid aad u tartamaya. Guddi saynisyahano ah oo caan ah ayaa dib u eegis ku sameeya xarfaha oo ku casuumay dhowr cilmi-baarayaal si ay u soo gudbiyaan soo jeedin buuxda. Marka lagu daro Dr. Guo, guddiga waxaa ku jira Sue Ackerman, Ph.D., Jaamacadda California, San Diego; Susanne Ahmari, MD, Ph.D., Jaamacadda Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Robert Edwards, MD, Jaamacadda California, San Francisco; Andre' Fenton, Ph.D., Jaamacadda New York; Tom Lloyd, MD, Ph.D., Dugsiga Caafimaadka ee Johns Hopkins; iyo Harry Orr, Ph.D., Jaamacadda MN.
cusboonaysiinta abaal-marinnada 2023: Soo gudbinta iyo jadwalka doorashada ee Abaalmarinta Neurobiology of Disorders Brain waa isbeddelayaa. Xilliga kama dambaysta ah ee Warqadaha Ujeeddada ee abaalmarinnada 2023 waxaa lagu dhawaaqi doonaa bartamaha 2022.
Ku saabsan Sanduuqa Maaliyadda ee McKnight Fund for Neuroscience
Sanduuqa McKnight Fund ee Neuroscience waa urur madax-bannaan oo ay maalgeliso oo kaliya Mashruuca McKnight ee Minneapolis, Minnesota, oo uu hogaaminayey guddi khubaro ah oo ku takhasusay dareemayaasha ka yimaada waddanka. Machadka McKnight Foundation wuxuu taageersanaa cilmi-baarista neurosiyaanka tan iyo 1977-kii. Foundation wuxuu aasaasay Sanduuqa Dhexe ee Bixinta 1986 si uu u fuliyo mid ka mid ah ujeedooyinka aasaasiga ah ee aasaasaha aasaasaha ah William L. McKnight (1887-1978), mid ka mid ah hoggaamiyayaashii hore ee shirkadda 3M.
Sanduuqa 'Endowment Fund' wuxuu sameeyaa saddex nooc oo abaalmarin ah sannad kasta. Marka lagu daro Abaalmarinta Neurobiology ee Maskaxda Maskaxda, waxay yihiin McKnight Technological Innovation in Neuroscience Awards, iyagoo siinaya lacag abuur si loo horumariyo ikhtiraaca farsamo si loo hormariyo cilmi baarista maskaxda; iyo Abaal-marinta McKnight Scholar, oo taageeraya neerfisyahannada marxaladaha hore ee shaqadooda cilmi-baarista.
Bios
Lisa Beutler, MD, Ph.D., Kaaliyaha Professor ee Daawada ee Endocrinology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
Kala qaybinta dhaqdhaqaaqa mindhicirka-maskaxda ee ka hooseeya anorexia
Quudinta ayaa ah udub dhexaadka u ah badbaadada xayawaanka, markaa la yaab maaha in mindhicirka iyo maskaxdu ay si joogto ah u wada xidhiidhaan si ay isugu xidhaan qaadashada cuntada habboon iyo miisaanka jidhka oo deggan. Si kastaba ha noqotee, joogitaanka caabuqa, nidaamkani wuxuu jabin karaa. Mid ka mid ah calaamadaha xanuunka anorexia-ku xiran ee caabuqa (aan lagu khaldin anorexia nervosa) waa rabitaanka cuntada oo yaraada, taas oo noqon karta mid aad u daran oo keeni karta nafaqo-xumo. Daawaynta hadda jirta - oo ay ku jiraan IV-ga la keeno nafaqeynta iyo tuubooyinka quudinta mindhicirka - waxay yarayn karaan tayada nolosha waxayna yeelan karaan cawaaqib dammaanad qaad ah.
Dr. Beutler waxay rabta inay adeegsato indho-indheynta neerfaha ee horumarsan iyo farsamooyinka wax-is-daba-marinta si loo kala saaro hababka hoose ee ku lug leh anorexia-xiriirta caabuqa. Kooxda Beutler waxay isticmaali doonaan sawir-qaadista kaalshiyamka si ay u muujiyaan saamaynta cytokines-ka gaarka ah (calaamadaha la sii daayo xilliga bararka) ay ku leeyihiin kooxo gaar ah oo nuucyada quudinta la xiriira. Kooxdeedu waxay sidoo kale isticmaali doontaa qalabka hidde-sideyaasha gees-goyn si ay isugu dayaan inay meesha ka saaraan calaamadaha 'ha cunin' ee aan habboonayn ee ka dhasha bararka daran. Ugu dambeyntii, waxay baran doontaa sida moodooyinka gaarka ah ee cudurka bararka u beddelaan jawaabta neerfaha ee qaadashada nafaqada.
Cilmi-baarista Beutler ayaa noqon doonta tii ugu horreysay ee lagu barto hababkan gaarka ah ee heerkan faahfaahsan ee noolaha. Iyadoo la aqoonsanayo bartilmaameedyada saxda ah ee neerfayaasha ee sii deynta cytokine, iyo qeexidda sida tani wax uga beddesho rabitaanka cuntada, Beutler waxay rajaynaysaa inay aqoonsato bartilmaameedyada daweynta ee nafaqo-xumada ee la xiriirta cudurrada caabuqa. Waxaa intaa dheer, shaybaarkeeda waxay rabta inay abuurto khariidad waddo ah oo calaamad u ah mindhicirka-maskaxda-difaaca difaaca kaas oo laga yaabo inuu saameyn weyn ku yeesho ma aha oo kaliya daaweynta caabuqa-dhexdhexaadinta anorexia, laakiin si ballaaran u quudinta mustaqbalka iyo cilmi-baarista dheef-shiid kiimikaadka.
Jeremy Day, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, Jaamacadda Alabama - Birmingham; iyo Ian Maze, Ph.D., Professor - Waaxaha Cilmi-nafsiga iyo Sayniska Farmasiga, Agaasimaha - Xarunta Neural Epigenome Engineering, Icahn School of Medicine ee Mount Sinai, New York City
Ka faa'iidaysiga epigenomics-ka unugyada ah ee loogu talagalay wax-is-daba-marinta la beegsanayo ee isku-dhafka daroogada-firfircoon
Laqabsiga maandooriyuhu waa dhibaato halis ah labadaba shakhsiyaadka iyo bulshadaba. In kasta oo ay jirtay cilmi-baaris muhiim ah oo ku saabsan fahamka iyo daaweynta balwadda, 60% ee kuwa la daweeyay waxay la kulmi doonaan soo noqoshada. Dhab ahaantii, rabitaanka maandooriyaha ayaa laga yaabaa inay dhab ahaantii korodho wakhti ka dib, iyada oo ku dhexjirta kuwa la qabatimay xitaa iyada oo aan la kulmin daroogo dheeraad ah. Dr. Day iyo Dr. Maze waxay ujeedadoodu tahay inay cilmi-baaris ku sameeyaan qabatinka heer cusub - hoos u dhigista saamaynta epigenetic ee isticmaalka daroogada ee unugyo gaar ah oo heer unug ah, iyo sida kuwani u saadaalin karaan mawduuca soo noqoshada.
Cilmi-baaris horudhac ah ayaa muujisay in soo-gaadhista daawooyinka waqti ka dib ay beddelaan sida hiddo-wadaha loo muujiyo. Nuxur ahaan, dawooyinku waxay afduubi karaan unugyada hab-raaca hidda-wadaha ee loo yaqaanno “xoojiyeyaal,” kuwaas oo marka la hawlgeliyo sababa in hidde-sidayaasha qaarkood lagu muujiyo unugyada maskaxda kuwaas oo dhiirrigeliya mawduuca si loo raadiyo dawooyinkan. Maalinta iyo Maze waxay u qaabeeyeen mashruuc lagu aqoonsanayo kor u qaadayaashan qaab unug gaar ah oo firfircoon (ama aan la aamusin) kookeynta - kicinta si fiican loo fahmay oo la baaray - ka dibna la abuuro oo la geliyo fayraska fayraska unugyada kuwaas oo kaliya noqon doona firfircoon joogitaanka kor u qaadis aan la aamusin. Isticmaalka istaraatiijiyadan, vector-ka fayrasku wuxuu ku muujin doonaa xamuulkiisa kaliya unugyada unugyada ay saameeyeen kookeynta waxayna u oggolaadaan cilmi-baarayaasha inay si optogenetically ama chemogenetic ahaan u dhaqaajiyaan ama u hawl-geliyaan unugyada ay saameeyeen.
Taas awgeed, Maalinta iyo Maze waxay dhibi doonaan isku-dhafka si ay u baaraan saamaynta ay ku leeyihiin dabeecada raadinta daroogada ee qaabka jiirka ee is-maamulka cocaine-ta ee ikhtiyaarka ah. Shaqadoodu waxay ku dhistaa horumarkii ugu dambeeyay ee awoodda lagu beegsanayo unugyada gaarka ah iyo kooxo yaryar oo unugyo ah, halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen dhammaan dadweynaha unugyada ama noocyada unugyada sida diiradda cilmi-baaris hore. Hadda oo ay suurtogal tahay in diiradda la saaro doorka unugyada gaarka ah ay ciyaaraan, rajada ayaa ah in daweyn ka wanaagsan la soo saari karo kuwaas oo wax ka qabta xididdada hidde-raaca ee balwadda iyo soo noqoshada, iyo iyada oo aan lahayn waxyeellooyin taban oo ah in la maareeyo dadka waaweyn, ee aan bartilmaameedka lahayn ee unugyada maskaxda.
Stephan Lammel, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Neurobiology, Jaamacadda California - Berkeley
Neurotensin dhexdhexaadin habdhaqanka quudinta hedonic iyo cayilka
Maskaxdu waxay ku waalan tahay raadinta iyo cunista cuntada. Marka la helo cunto kaloori-cufan - naadir ku ah duurjoogta - xayawaanku waxay si dareen leh u cuni doonaan si degdeg ah. Dadka diyaarka u ah inay helaan cunto kalooriye-cufan, dareenku wuxuu mararka qaarkood u horseedaa cunto-cunid xad-dhaaf ah, cayil, iyo arrimo caafimaad oo la xidhiidha. Laakiin cilmi-baaristu waxay sidoo kale muujisay in xaaladaha qaarkood, kicinta quudinta cuntada kalooriyada sare leh laga yaabo inay yaraato marka cuntadan oo kale ah had iyo jeer la heli karo. Dr. Lammel wuxuu raadiyaa inuu aqoonsado hababka neerfaha iyo qaybaha maskaxda ee ku lug leh habdhaqanka quudinta iyo nidaamintiisa.
Daraasado la sameeyay sannadihii la soo dhaafay ayaa quudinta ku xidhay hypothalamus, qayb qadiimi ah oo qoto dheer oo maskaxda ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, caddayntu waxay sidoo kale tilmaamaysaa doorka abaalmarinta iyo xarumaha raaxada ee maskaxda. Cilmi-baaris horudhac ah oo Lammel ah ayaa lagu ogaaday in isku xirka nucleus accumbens lateral (NAcLat) iyo aagga ventral tegmental (VTA) ay udub dhexaad u yihiin quudinta hedonistic - kicinta in xiriirinta optogenetically ay keentay in la kordhiyo quudinta cuntooyinka kalooriga leh, laakiin aan ahayn cunto caadi ah. Cilmi-baarisyo kale ayaa lagu aqoonsaday amino acid neurotensin (NTS) inuu yahay ciyaaryahan ku jira nidaaminta quudinta, marka lagu daro doorarka kale.
Cilmi-baadhista Lammel waxa ay doonaysaa in ay khariidad ku samayso wareegga iyo doorarka qaybaha kala duwan ee maskaxda ee u horseeda xayawaanku in ay cunaan cunno-cunitaan iyo sidoo kale doorka NTS, kaas oo lagu muujiyay NAcLat. Mawduucyada waxaa lagu soo bandhigaa cunto caadi ah ama cunto jelly ah oo kalori-qani ah, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa ku saabsan dariiqa NACLat-to-VTA waa la duubay oo loo habeeyey habdhaqanka quudinta. Waxa kale oo uu la socon doonaa isbeddelada waqti ka dib soo-gaadhista dheer ee cuntada hedonistic. Cilmi baaris dheeraad ah ayaa eegi doonta isbeddelada joogitaanka NTS ee unugyada, iyo sida ay joogitaanka xaddiyada kala duwan u saameeyaan shaqada unugyada. Fahamka dariiqyada iyo makaanikada molecular ee ku lug leh quudinta iyo buurnaanta, shaqadani waxay gacan ka geysan kartaa dadaalka mustaqbalka caawinta maareynta buurnaanta.
Lindsay Schwarz, Ph.D., Kaaliyaha Professor Koriinka Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
Aqoonsiga wareegyada maskaxda ee isku xira neefsiga iyo xaaladda garashada
Neefsashadu si toos ah ayay xoolaha ugu dhacdaa, laakiin waxay kaga duwan tahay hawlaha kale ee lagama maarmaanka u ah - garaaca wadnaha, dheefshiidka, iwm. - xayawaanku waxay si miyir leh u xakameyn karaan neefsashada. Neefsashadu waxay sidoo kale ku xidhan tahay xaalad shucuureed iyo maskaxeed si laba-gees ah: kicinta shucuureed waxay keeni kartaa isbeddel ku yimaada neefsashada, laakiin si miyir leh oo neefsashada oo isbeddelaysa ayaa sidoo kale la muujiyay inay saameynayso xaaladda maskaxda. Baadhitaankeeda, Dr. Schwarz waxay rabta inay aqoonsato neerfayaasha neefsashada ee la xushay ee ay si xushmad leh u hawl galiyaan tilmaamo jireed iyo garasho iyo khariidad gobollada maskaxda ee ay ku xidhmaan. Cilmi-baadhistan ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku caawiso barashada xanuunada neerfaha ee kala duwan ee neefsashada ay saamayso, sida dhimashada degdega ah ee dhallaanka (SIDS), hurdada dhexe ee apnea, iyo xanuunka welwelka.
Schwarz waxa uu hiigsanayaa in uu ka faa'iidaysto horumarka laga gaadhay calaamadaynta neerfaha si uu u daraaseeyo neerfayaashan kuwaas oo, ku yaala qoto dheer ee jirridda maskaxda, dhaqan ahaan ay adkeyd in la karantiilo oo la duubo vivo. Laakiin marka la calaamadiyo dhaqdhaqaaqa, Schwarz waxa uu aqoonsan karaa neurons-ka firfircoonida inta lagu jiro gudaha iyo neefsiga firfircoon. Midda dambe, maadooyinka waxay shuruud u yihiin kicinta walaaca leh taasoo u keenta inay barafoobaan oo beddelaan neefsashadooda. Cilmi baadhayaashu waxay markaa baadhi karaan neurons-yada la sudhay si ay u gartaan kuwa firfircoon maaddooyinka shuruudaysan, oo ay wax ka qabtaan bal in kuwani la socdaan neerfayaasha firfircoon ee firfircoonida xilliga neefsiga.
Hadafka labaad waa in la aqoonsado aqoonsiga molecular ee neerfayaasha neefsashada ee la hawlgeliyay intii lagu jiray qaboojinta si si sax ah loo fahmo unugyada qayb ka ah wareegga neefsashada. Ugu dambeyntii, markii uu aqoonsaday neuron-yadaas, Schwarz wuxuu isticmaali doonaa hababka fayruuska ee fayraska ee ay sameeyeen cilmi-baarayaal kale si ay u go'aamiyaan qaybaha maskaxda ee unugyada firfircooni ay ku xiran yihiin. Aqoonsiga xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya dawladaha maskaxda iyo neefsashada, isku-xidhka wareegyada neefsashada miyir-qabka iyo miyir-qabka ah, iyo xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya neefsashada iyo cudurrada qaarkood ayaa laga yaabaa inay aasaas u noqdaan daaweynta wanaagsan iyo sidoo kale faham buuxa oo ku saabsan sida hawlaheenna asaasiga ah loo xirxiray.
